来源:Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know。
图片版:
文字版:
Latency Comparison Numbers (~2012)
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L1 cache reference 0.5 ns
Branch mispredict 5 ns
L2 cache reference 7 ns 14x L1 cache
Mutex lock/unlock 25 ns
Main memory reference 100 ns 20x L2 cache, 200x L1 cache
Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 3,000 ns 3 us
Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network 10,000 ns 10 us
Read 4K randomly from SSD* 150,000 ns 150 us ~1GB/sec SSD
Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 250,000 ns 250 us
Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 500 us
Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 1,000,000 ns 1,000 us 1 ms ~1GB/sec SSD, 4X memory
Disk seek 10,000,000 ns 10,000 us 10 ms 20x datacenter roundtrip
Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 20,000,000 ns 20,000 us 20 ms 80x memory, 20X SSD
Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150,000 us 150 ms
Notes
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1 ns = 10^-9 seconds
1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns
1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000 us = 1,000,000 ns
中文整理版:
操作 | 耗时 | 备注 |
---|---|---|
CPU一级缓存寻址 | 0.5纳秒 | |
CPU二级缓存寻址 | 7纳秒 | |
互斥锁 | 25纳秒 | |
内存寻址 | 100纳秒 | |
使用zippy压缩1k文件 | 3000纳秒(3微秒) | |
在1Gbps的网络中发送1k数据 | 10000纳秒(10微秒) | |
从ssd中随机读取4KB数据 | 150000纳秒(150微秒) | SSD速率:1GB/s |
从内存中顺序读取1MB | 250000纳秒(250微秒) | |
同一数据中心往返耗时 | 500000纳秒(500微秒) | |
从ssd中随机读取1MB数据 | 1000000纳秒(1000微秒,1毫秒) | SSD速率:1GB/s |
磁盘寻址 | 10000000纳秒(10000微秒,10毫秒) | 约等于20次数据中心往返 |
从磁盘中顺序读取1MB数据 | 20000000纳秒(20000微秒,20毫秒) |
备注:1秒=$10^3$毫秒=$10^6$微秒=$10^9$纳秒。
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